Facts/Triva (part 2)

Cardiovascular System

Inflammation of the pericardium, pericarditis, often results in a decrease in the amount of serous fluid. This causes the pericardial layers to bind and stick to each other, forming painful adhesions thet interfere with heart movements.

Respiratory System

Smoking inhibits ciliary activity and ultimately destroys the cila. Without these cilia, coughing is the only means of preventing mucus from accumulating in the lungs. Smokers with the respiratory congestion should avoid medications that inhibit cough reflex.

Reproductive System

Since many potentially harmful substances can cross through the placenta barrier into the fetal blood, the pregnant woman should be very much aware of what she is taking into her body. Substances that may cause life-threatening birth defects (and even fetal death) include alcohol, nicotine, and many types of drugs (anticoagulants, antihypertensives, sedatives and some antibiotics). Maternal infections, particularly German measles (rubelle), may also cause severe fetal damage. Termination of a pregnancy by loss of a fetus during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy is called abortion.

Abnormal separation of chromosomes during meiosis can lead to congenital defects of thos system. For example, males who have an extra female sex chromosomes have the normal male accessory structures, but ther testes atrophy, causing them to be sterile. Other abnormalities occur when a child has only one sex chromosome. An XO female appears normal but lacks ovaries; YO males die during development. Other much less serious conditions affect males primarily; these include phimosis, which essentially is narrowing of the foreskin of the penis and misplaced urethral openings.

During an extremely prolonged or difficult stage 2, a condition called dystocia may occur. In dystocia, oxygen delivery to the infant is inadequate, leading to fetal brain damage ( resulting in cerebral palsy or epilepsy) and decreased viability of the infant. To prevent this outcomes, a cesarean section, also called C-section may be performed. A C-section is delivery of the infant through surgical incision made through abdominal and uterine walls.

Source: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Eight Edition

Respiratory System

                The Respiratory System consists of organs that help our body to breathe. It exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood, regulates blood pH, helps produce sounds, moves air over the sensory receptors that detect smell, and protects against some microorganisms. Air passes through many organs before the process of gas exchange like the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and many more. Gas exchange usually occurs in the alveoli. Every living thing on earth needs air to be able to breathe, this process is called ventilation or breathing which air moves in and out of the lungs. Inspiration or inhalation happens when air moves in the lungs and Expiration or exhalation happens when air moves out of the lungs. There is also a process called Cellular Respiration where breathing provides the oxygen needed to make ATP from glucose.  Breathing gets rid of the potentially toxic carbon dioxide, the waste products during cellular respiration. All of these means that the Respiratory System is very important in our body. We need to breathe for us to be able to live.

GRADES AREN'T EVERYTHING, LEARNING IS (PART 2)

                On the 10^th chapter we have discussed about the endocrine system where we have learned about the different hormones produced by our body to maintain homeostasis. We also have learned the different diseases that may result due to the overproduction or less production of each hormone. Such example of this is the production of thyroid hormone, if less of it is synthesized and secreted, TSH-releasing hormone and TSH secretion increases above normal level and thus causes an enlargement of the thyroid gland.

From chapter 11 to 13 the discussion covered everything about the circulatory system. Our professor tackled about the Blood which he explained the history of red blood cells and how it is produced in response to decreased oxygen in our body. He discussed on the composition of blood and how some of the components of it prevent blood loss. He also focused on the blood grouping specifically the ABO Group and RH Group and the possibilities that may occur if possessing such blood type. We also did an experiment on our lab to determine our blood types. The discussion on the heart didn’t take that much long because he just taught us about the flow of the blood in the heart  to the pulmonary then back to the heart then the circulation of blood into our tissues. The discussion on the blood vessels was more on the location and the function of each whether to drain or supply blood to a specific organ.

Chapter 14 was all about the lymphatic system and immunity. Our discussion focused on the production of antibodies against microorganisms that invade our bodies. We have learned about the innate and adaptive immunity and different classifications of white blood cells.

The focus on respiratory system was basically on the flow of air in our bodies being affected by the pressure inside and how then it is being secreted.

On digestive system we have discussed about the breakdown of food from the moment we ingest it and learned different new terms such as mastication and deglutition.

On Chapter 17 the topic was all about nutrition and metabolism. It was more on the different essential nutrients that we must take in and must maintain in order to proceed in our daily living activities.

 On Chapter 18, our professor tackled about the formation and filtration of urine in our kidneys. He also focused on the structure of the functional unit of the kidney – NEPHRON and the regulation of extracellular fluid composition such as the Thirst Regulation and Ion Concentration Regulation.

The last part of our lecture covered the reproductive system and discussed on the formation of different gametes and structures of both male and female reproductive organs. Half of the reproductive also focused on the Development of an organism from a zygote to fetus and characteristics formed during different stages of development.